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ɇɟɝɿɡɞɿԙ ɬԝɧɛɚԑɚ ɬԛɫɭɿɧɿԙ ɨɪɧɵɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɬɵԙ
ɬԝɧɛɚԑɚ ɬԛɫɭɿ (ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɬԝɡɞɚɪ) ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿɫɿ ɟɤɿɧɲɿɝɟ ԕɚɪɚԑɚɧɞɚ,
ԧɡɚɪɚ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɛɟɪɿɤ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫԕɚɧɞɵԑɵɦɟɧ ɬԛɫɿɧɞɿɪɿɥɟɞɿ.
ɄΟɲɬɿ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿΝ ɬΡɡ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧ (ɋa
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
)
ɫΡɣɵɬɵɥΕɚɧ ɧɚɬɪɢɣ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɦɟɧ Na
2
CɈ
3
Ϋɡɚɪɚ
Ωɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɬɿɪɝɟɧɞɟ ɬɟɤ ɨɪɬɚɲɚ ɬΡɡɞɚɪɞɵ ɚɥɭΕɚ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧɵɧ
ɟɫɤɟɪɭ Ιɚɠɟɬ.
ɇɟɝɿɡɞɟɪ ɦɟɧ ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪɞɵΝ ɤΟɲɬɟɪɿ
ɠΩɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɛɟɪɿɤɬɿɝɿ
Ȼɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ
ɝɢɪɨɞɤɫɢɞɬɟɪɞɿԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ
-
ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ
ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɬɿɤ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵ
ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ, ɨɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɬԛɡɿɥɟɬɿɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɥɵԑɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɫɵ
ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɵ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ. Ⱥɬɨɦɞɚɪɞɵԙ ԕԝɪɵɥɵɫɵ
ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɵԕ ԧɡɚɪɚ
ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɭ ɉԤ ɬԝɪԑɵɫɵɧɚɧ ɨɧɵԙ ɤԛɲɬɟɪɿ ɦɟɧ ɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵɥɵԑɵɧ ɛɚԑɚɥɚɭԑɚ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
x
ɇɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ
ɤԛɲɬɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟɝɿ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
-
ɢɨɧɞɚɪɞɵԙ (ɈɇǦ) ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ;
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɉԤ (ɗ
n+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ) ԥɥɫɿɡ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɨɧɵ (ɈɇǦ), ɨԙɚɣ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɿԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɿɤ ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɛɚɫɵɦ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
x
ΘɵɲΙɵɥɞɵΙ
ɤԛɲɬɿ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɥɵ
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟɝɿ ɫɭɬɟɝɿ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ (ɇ
+
) ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ
ɛɨɥɚɞɵ; ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ԕԝɪɚɦɵɧɞɚ ɨɬɬɟɤ ɛɚɪ (ɨɤɫɨԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ)
ɠԥɧɟ ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɛԧɥɿɧɟɬɿɧɿɧ ɟɫɤɟɪɫɟɤ, ɦɵɧɚɞɚɣ ɠɚԑɞɚɣ ɨɪɵɧ
ɚɥɚɞɵ:
ɨɤɫɨΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ Οɲɿɧ:
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɉԤ (ɗ
n+
–
Ɉ
2
Ǧ) ɤԛɲɬɿ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ,
ɫɭɬɟɤ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
) ɨԙɚɣ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɬɿԙ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɛɚɫɵɦ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ;
ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ Οɲɿɧ
:
ɨɬɬɟɤɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɫɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɉԤ (ɗ
n
Ǧ
–
ɇ
+
) ԥɥɫɿɡ
ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɭɬɟɤ ɢɨɧɵ (ɇ
+
) ɨԙɚɣ ɛԧɥɿɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ
ɨɫɵ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ ɫɢɩɚɬɵ ɛɚɫɵɦ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.