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ȽɅɈɋɋȺɊɂɃ
Ⱥɧɨɞ –
ɬɨɬɵԑɭ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿ ԧɬɟɬɿɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ.
Ȼɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ –
ԕɨɪɲɚԑɚɧ ɨɪɬɚɦɟɧ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɦɟɧ
ɚɥɦɚɫɚɬɵɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ;
ɛԝɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪ ԧɡɿɧɿԙ ɠɚԕɫɵ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ
ɬԝɡɵɧɵԙ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɟ ɛɚɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɞɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɞɵ;
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵԙ ԕԝɪɚɦɵ Ɇɟ
~
Ɇɟ
n+
~
ԧɪɧɟɤɬɟɥɟɞɿ.
Ƚɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ –
ɟɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧ
ɠԛɣɟ, ɨɫɵ ɠԛɣɟɞɟ ԧɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɬɿɧ ɌɌɊ ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɞɵɪɚɞɵ;
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɞɚ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬɨɤ ɤԧɡɞɟɪɿɧ ԧɧɞɿɪɭɞɟ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɞɵ.
ȿɤɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ –
ԕɨɪɲɚԑɚɧ ɨɪɬɚɦɟɧ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɦɟɧ
ɞɟ, ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɦɟɧ ɞɟ
ɚɥɦɚɫɚɬɵɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ;
ɛԝɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪ
ԧɡɿɧɿԙ ɟɪɿɦɟɣɬɿԙ ɬԝɡɵɦɟɧ (Ɇɟ
m
A
n
) ԕɚɩɬɚɥɵɩ, ɚɧɢɨɧ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɧɵԙ ɠɚԕɫɵ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ɬԝɡɵɧɵԙ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɟ ɛɚɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɞɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɞɵ; ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵԙ ԕԝɪɚɦɵ Ɇɟ, Ɇɟ
m
A
n
~
Ɇɟ
n+
~
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ Ɇɟ, Ɇɟ
m
A
n
~
Ⱥ
m
Ǧ
~
ԧɪɧɟɤɬɟɥɟɞɿ.
Ʉɚɬɨɞ –
ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿ ԧɬɟɬɿɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ.
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ (ɠɟɦɿɪɿɥɭɿ) –
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ɦɟɧ ɛɚɥԕɵɦɚɥɚɪɞɵԙ
ԕɨɪɲɚԑɚɧ ɨɪɬɚ ԥɫɟɪɿɧɟɧ ԧɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɬɿɧ ɛԝɡɵɥɭ (ɬɨɬɵԑɭ)
ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿ.
Ԕɨɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɥɿɤ ԕɚɛɚɬ (ԔɗԔ) –
ԕɚɬɬɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɫԝɣɵԕ (ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿ)
ɟɤɿ ɮɚɡɚɧɵԙ ɲɟɤɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɩɚɣɞɚ ɛɨɥɚɬɵɧ ԕɚɪɚɦɚ-ԕɚɪɫɵ ɦԥɧɞɟɝɿ
ɤɟԙɿɫɬɿɤɬɟ ɛԧɥɿɧɝɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɥɿɤ ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɪɞɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɬɵɧ ɛɟɬɬɿɤ ԕɚɛɚɬ.
Ɇɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ԕɚɬɚɪɵ
–
ԥɪɬԛɪɥɿ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵԕ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ԧɫɭɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ
ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɚɬɵɧ ԕɚɬɚɪ; ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɝɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɞɵ.
ɇɟɪɧɫɬ ɬɟԙɞɟɭɿ –
ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ-ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ
ɩɨɬɟɧ-
ɰɢɚɥɵɧɵԙ ɨɧɵԙ ɬɨɬɵԕԕɚɧ (ɌɎ) ɠԥɧɟ ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧԑɚɧ (ɌɡɎ)
ɮɨɪɦɚɫɵɧɵԙ ɚɤɬɢɜɬɿɥɿɝɿɧɟ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɫɵɧɚ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɭɬɟɤ
ɢɨɧɵɧɵԙ ɚɤɬɢɜɬɿɥɿɝɿɧɟ ԕɚɬɵɧɚɫɵɧɚ ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿɥɿɝɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɬɵɧ
ɬɟԙɞɟɭ.
Ɍɨɬɵԑɭ-ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ
– ԕɨɪɲɚԑɚɧ ɨɪɬɚɦɟɧ ɛɿɪ
ɡɚɬɬɵԙ ɬɨɬɵԕԕɚɧ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧԑɚɧ ɮɨɪɦɚɫɵɦɟɧ ɚɥɦɚ-
ɫɚɬɵɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ; ɨɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɬɚɫɵɦɚɥɞɚɣɬɵɧ ɢɧɟɪɬɬɿ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɞɚɧ ԕԝɪɚɥԑɚɧ.
Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɣ ɡɚԙɞɚɪɵ: ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿɫɿ –
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚ
ɛԧɥɿɧɝɟɧ ɡɚɬ-
ɬɵԙ ɦɚɫɫɚɫɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɛɚɥԕɵɦɚɫɵ ɚɪԕɵɥɵ