Упрощенная HTML-версия
206
Ɇԝɧɞɚԑɵ ɛɿɪ ɫɵɡɵԕ «
|
» ɛɿɪ ɡɚɬɬɵԙ ɬɨɬɵԕԕɚɧ (ɌɎ) ɠԥɧɟ
ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧԑɚɧ (ɌɡɎ) ɮɨɪɦɚɫɵɧɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɭ ɲɟɤɚɪɚɫɵɧ, ɚɥ ɟɤɿ
ɬɿɤ ɫɵɡɵԕ «
||
» ɟɤɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪɞɵԙ ɛԧɥɿɧɭ ɲɟɤɚɪɚɫɵɧ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ.
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵɧɵԙ ɦԥɧɿ ɤɿɲɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵ ɫɨɥ ɠɚԕɬɚ ɠɚɡɚɞɵ, ɨɥ
ɚɧɨɞ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ
,
ɬɟɪɿɫ (
–
) ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɥΕɚɧ;
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵɧɵԙ ɦԥɧɿ
ԛɥɤɟɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵ ɨԙ ɠɚԕɬɚ ɠɚɡɚɞɵ, ɨɥ
ɤɚɬɨɞ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɨΝ
(+) ɡɚɪɹɞɬɚɥΕɚɧ.
Ⱥɧɨɞɬɚ
ɬɨɬɵΕɭ,
ɤɚɬɨɞɬɚ
–
ɬɨɬɵΙɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ Οɞɟɪɿɫɬɟɪɿ
ɠΟɪɟɞɿ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵԕ ɠɚɪɬɵɥɚɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ (ɫɨɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ)
ɠԥɧɟ ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ (ɨԙ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ) ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɵ ɫɢɹԕɬɵ ɠɚɡɭ
ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɧԑɚɧ, ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɨɫɵ ɟɤɿ ɠɚɪɬɵ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɵԙ ԕɨɫɵɧɞɵɫɵ ɪɟɬɿɧɞɟ ɠɚɡɵɥɚɞɵ:
ɋɨɥ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ
(ɚɧɨɞ):
Zn
–
2
Ɲ = Zn
2+
(ɬɨɬɵԑɭ)
ɈΝ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ
(ɤɚɬɨɞ):
Cu
2+
+ 2
Ɲ = Cu
(ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ)
Θɨɫɵɧɞɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
:
Zn + Cu
2+
= Zn
2+
+ Cu
Ƚɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ
ɧɟɝɿɡɝɿ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɦɚɫɵ
– ɨԙ ɠԥɧɟ
ɫɨɥ ɠɚԕɬɚԑɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɚɣɵɪɵɦɵɧɚ ɬɟԙ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪ ΙɨɡΕɚɭɲɵ ɤΟɲɿ
(ɗԔɄ
):
E
0
= E
ɨԙ
– E
ɫɨɥ
ɗԔɄ > 0
ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ Ƚɗ-ɬɟ ɬɭɪɚ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɚɥԑɚɧ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
ԧɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ;
ɗԔɄ < 0
ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ ɤɟɪɿ ɛɚԑɵɬɬɵɥԑɚɧ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
ԧɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ, ɚɥ
ɗԔɄ = 0
ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɨɧɞɚ Ƚɗ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɠɚɫɚɦɚɣɞɵ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ, Ⱦɚɧɢɷɥɶ-əɤɨɛɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɬɵ ɗԔɄ (
E
0
)
ɦԥɧɿ:
E
o
= E
0
(Cu
2+
/Cu) – E
0
(Zn
2+
/Zn) = + 0,337 – (– 0,763) = + 1,100 ȼ
Ƚɗ-ɬɿ ԧɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɠɚɫɚɭ ԛɲɿɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɵԙ Ƚɢɛɛɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ (
'
G)
ɬɟɪɿɫ
ɦԥɧɞɿ ɛɨɥɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ:
'
G=
–
nFE
0
,
ɦԝɧɞɚԑɵ
n
– ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɞɚɪ ɫɚɧɵ,
F
– Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɣ ɬԝɪɚԕɬɵɫɵ,
E
0
–
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɬɿԙ ɗԔɄ.
Ⱦɚɧɢɷɥɶ – əɤɨɛɢ Ƚɗ ԛɲɿɧ:
'
G
0
= – 2
96500
1,100 = – 212,3 ɤȾɠ.