Упрощенная HTML-версия
202
ɌɨɬɵΙɬɵɪΕɵɲ ɟɦɟɫ
ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪ
ɬɟɤ ɫɭɬɟɤ ɢɨɧɞɚɪ
ɇ
+
ɟɫɟɛɿɧɟɧ ɬɨɬɵԕɬɵɪԑɵɲ ԕɚɫɢɟɬɿɧɟ ɤԧɪɫɟɬɟɞɿ (HCl, HBr, HI,
H
3
PO
4
, H
2
SO
4
(ɫԝɣɵɬ.), CH
3
COOH, H
2
CO
3
, H
2
S).
¾
Mn
ɠԥɧɟ
ɇ
2
ɚɪɚɥɵԑɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ԕɚɬɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɚɫɚ
ԕɵɡɞɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ ɫɭ ɛɭɵɧɚɧ (
Mg
ɠԥɧɟ
Al
–
ɵɫɬɵԕ ɫɭɞɚɧ), ɤԛɲɬɿ
ԕɵɲԕɵɥ ɠԥɧɟ ɨɪɬɚɲɚ ɤԛɲɿ ɛɚɪ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɧ ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿ (
ɇ
)
ɵԑɵɫɬɵɪɵɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɚɬɵɧ
ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɝɿ ɨɪɬɚɲɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ
ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ.
¾
ɇ
2
ɨԙ ɠɚԑɵɧɞɚԑɵ ɤɟɪɧɟɭ ԕɚɬɚɪɵɧɞɚ ɠɨԑɚɪɵ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɚɞɚ ɫɭɞɚɧ ɠԥɧɟ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɧ ɫɭɬɟɤɬɿ (
ɇ)
ɵԑɵɫɬɵɪɵɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɚ
ɚɥɦɚɣɬɵɧ
ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿɥɿɝɿ ɬΫɦɟɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ
(
Sb-
ɞɟɧ
Au -
ɞɟɣɿɧ)
ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫԕɚɧ.
¾
ԥɪɛɿɪ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ԧɡɿɧɟɧ ɤɟɣɿɧɝɿ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵ ɬԝɡɞɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧ-
ɞɿɫɿɧɟɧ ɵԑɵɫɬɵɪɵɩ ɲɵԑɚɪɚɞɵ. ɋɿɥɬɿɥɿɤ ɠԥɧɟ ɠɟɪ-ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿɤ
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɵ ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɛɟɥɫɟɧɞɿ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɵԙ ɬԝɡɞɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɞɟ
ɬԝɡɛɟɧ ɟɦɟɫ, ɫɭɦɟɧ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɞɿ.
¾
ɬɨɬɵΙɬɵɪΕɵɲɬɚɪ ΙɵɲΙɵɥɞɚɪɦɟɧ
: HNO
3
(ɫԝɣɵɬ.),
HNO
3
(ɤɨɧɰ.), H
2
SO
4
(ɤɨɧɰ.) ɛɚɪɥɵԕ ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪ ԥɪɟɤɟɬɬɟɫɟɞɿ (
Au,
Pt, Ir, Rh, Ta
ɛɚɫԕɚɫɵ), ɛɿɪɚԕ ɫɭɬɟɤ
ɇ
2
ɛΡɥ ɤɟɡɞɟ ɛΫɥɿɧɛɟɣɞɿ
.
12.2 ʝˏʺˊ˘˕˓ʹ˘ʲ˕ʹ˩˒ ʾ˲ˊ˘ʺˏ˙˲.
ʃʺ˕ˑ˖˘ ˘ʺ˒ʹʺ˙˲
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɬԛɪɥɟɪɿ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ, ɛɚɪɥɵԕ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪ ɦɵɧɚ ɬԛɪɥɟɪɝɟ ɛԧɥɿɧɟɞɿ:
¾
ɛɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪ;
¾
ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪ;
¾
ɬɨɬɵΕɭ-ɬɨɬɵΙɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɚɪ.
Ȼɿɪɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ –
ΙɨɪɲɚΕɚɧ ɨɪɬɚɫɵɦɟɧ
ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɵ
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪ ɚɪΙɵɥɵ ɚɥɦɚɫɚɬɵɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ.
Ԧɡɿɧɿԙ ɬԝɡɵɧɵԙ
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɟ ɛɚɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɞɚɧ ɬԝɪɚɞɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ
ɬԛɪɞɟ ԧɪɧɟɤɬɟɥɟɞɿ:
Ɇɟ
~
Ɇɟ
n+
~
.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ:
CuSO
4
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɟ ɛɚɬɵɪɵɥԑɚɧ,
Cu
2+
-ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɦɟɧ
ɚɥɦɚɫɚɬɵɧ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɞɟɝɿ
Cu
-ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɫɵ; ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɬɵԙ ԕԝɪɚɦɵɧɵԙ
ԧɪɧɟɝɿ:
Cu
~
Cu
2+
~
.