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ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ԕɚɥɞɵԑɵɧ ɬԛɡɟ ɨɬɵɪɵɩ, ɚɧɢɨɧԑɚ ɛɿɪɿɝɟɞɿ,
ɧԥɬɢɠɟɫɿɧɞɟ ɨɪɬɚ ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿɤ ɨɪɬɚԑɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɞɵ:
CO
3
2
Ǧ + ɇ
+
ɈɇǦ
l
ɇCO
3
Ǧ + Ɉɇ Ǧ
ɋɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɝɟ ɬɟɤ ԕɚɧɚ ԥɥɫɿɡ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɪɞɿԙ ɨɪɬɚɲɚ
ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɵ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ԥɥɫɿɡ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԙ
ɨɪɬɚɲɚ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɧɵԙ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɭɵ
ɛɚɪɵɫɵɧɞɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɟɪɢɬɿɧ ɬԝɡɞɚɪ ԑɚɧɚ ԝɲɵɪɚɣɞɵ.
Ⱦɟɦɟɤ, ɬԝɡɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɫɭɥɵ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɥɟɪɿɧɿԙ ɨɪɬɚɫɵ ɛɟɣɬɚɪɚɩ
(ɪɇ = 7), ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԕ (ɪɇ 7) ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿɤ (ɪɇ
!
7) ɛɨɥɭɵ
ɦԛɦɤɿɧ.
10.4 ɫˆʹ˕˓ˏˆ˄ʶʺ ˬ˖ʺ˕ ʺ˘ʺ˘˲ˑ ˟ʲˊ˘˓˕ˏʲ˕
ɌΡɡɞɚɪɞɵΝ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿ
– ԕɚɣɬɵɦɞɵ ɬɟɩɟ-ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɟɝɿ ԛɞɟɪɿɫ,
ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧɿԙ (h
Ƚ
n
, Ʉ
Ƚ
n
) ɤԛɲɟɸɿ ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
ԥɥɫɿɪɟɭɿ (h
Ƚ
p
, Ʉ
Ƚ
p
) ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɬɟɩɟ- ɬɟԙɞɿɤɬɿԙ ɵԑɵɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿ –
Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
Ɍԝɡɞɵԙ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɠԛɪɝɟɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ
ɨɧɵԙ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɵԑɵ (ɪɇ
p
) ɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɚɣɞɵ, ɠԥɧɟ ɤɟɪɿɫɿɧɲɟ,
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɚɧɢɨɧ ɛɨɣɵɧɲɚ ɬɨɥɵԕ ɠԛɪɝɟɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ ɬԝɡ ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɫɿɧɿԙ
ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿɝɿ (ɪɇ
n
) ɠɨԑɚɪɵɥɚɣɞɵ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɝɟ Ωɫɟɪ ɟɬɟɬɿɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɥɚɪ
x
ɬΡɡɞɵΝ ɬɚɛɢΕɚɬɵ
–
ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿɤ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɿɥɬɿɥɿɤ – ɠɟɪ
ɦɟɬɚɥɞɚɪɞɵԙ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɞɚɪɵ (Na
+
, K
+
, Rb
+
, Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
ɠԥɧɟ ɬ.ɛ.)
ɠԥɧɟ ɤԛɲɬɿ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪ ɚɧɢɨɧɞɚɪɵ (ClǦ , BrǦ, IǦ, ClO
4
Ǧ, SO
4
2
Ǧ,
NO
3
Ǧ) ɫɭ ɢɨɧɞɚɪɵɦɟɧ ɚɡ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫ ɬԛɡɛɟɣ-
ɬɿɧɞɿɤɬɟɧ, ɨɥɚɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɝɟ ԝɲɵɪɚɦɚɣɞɵ;
x
ɨɪɬɚɧɵΝ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɫɵ
– ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ԛɞɟɪɿɫ, ɫɨԙɞɵԕɬɚɧ Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɧɟ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ, ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɧɿ
ԕɵɡɞɵɪɭ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɿ ɤԛɲɟɣɬɟɞɿ;
x
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɧɿΝ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɫɵ
–
ɟɪɿɬɿɧɞɿɧɿ ɫԝɣɵɥɬɭ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɿ ɤԛɲɟɣɬɟɞɿ;