Упрощенная HTML-версия
177
10.2 ɫˆʹ˕˓ˏˆ˄ʹ˲˒ ʹˬ˕ʺʾʺ˖˲ ːʺˑ ˊ˓ˑ˖˘ʲˑ˘ʲ˖˩
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɦɚԙɵɡɞɵ ԛɞɟɪɿɫ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɞɵ, ԧɣɬɤɟɧɿ ԧɧɞɿɪɿɫ
ԧɧɟɪɤԥɫɿɩɬɟɪɿ ɤɟԙɿɧɟɧ ԕɨɥɞɚɧɚɞɵ. Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ, ɦɵɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ԧɧɞɿɪɿɫɬɟɪ: ɚԑɚɲ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɿ, ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɞɵԙ ԕɚɧɬɬɚɧɭɵ, ɫɚɛɵɧ,
ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ, ɦɚɣ ԕɵɲԕɵɥɞɚɪɵɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɛɚɫԕɚɥɚɪɞɵ ԧɧɞɿɪɭ –
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧɟ ɧɟɝɿɡɞɟɥɝɟɧ.
ɀɚɥɩɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ
ɞɟɩ, ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪɞɵԙ
ɫɭɞɚɧ
ɵɞɵɪɚɭ
ԛɞɟɪɿɫɿɧ ɚɣɬɚɞɵ
(«ɝɢɞɪɨ»
–
ɫɭ, «ɥɢɡɢɫ»
–
ɵɞɵɪɚɭ).
ɋɭɫɵɡ
ɨɪɬɚɞɚ ɨɫɵԑɚɧ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵ
ɫɨɥɶɜɨɥɢɡ
ɞɟɩ ɚɬɚɣɞɵ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɝɟ ɛɟɣɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ (ɬԝɡɞɚɪ, ɝɢɞɪɢɞɬɟɪ, ɤɚɪɛɢɞɬɟɪ),
ɫɨɧɞɚɣ
-
ɚԕ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɚɪ (ɤԛɪɞɟɥɿ ɷɮɢɪɥɟɪ, ɦɚɣɥɚɪ,
ɤԧɦɿɪɫɭɥɚɪ, ɚԕɭɵɡɞɚɪ) ԝɲɵɪɚɣɞɵ.
Ɇɵɫɚɥɵ
:
Cɇ
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
Cɇ
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ H
2
O nC
6
H
12
O
6
CaH
2
+ 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ 2H
2
CH
3
COONH
4
+ H
2
O
Cɇ
3
COOH + NH
4
OH
Ⱦɟɦɟɤ, ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ (ɫɭɞɵԙ ԕɨɫɵɥɭɵ), ɫɨɧɵɦɟɧ
ԕɚɬɚɪ ɫɭɞɵԙ ԕɚɬɵɫɭɵɦɟɧ ɠԛɪɟɬɿɧ ɬɨɬɵԑɭ
-
ɬɨɬɵԕɫɵɡɞɚɧɭ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɝɟ ɠɚɬɩɚɣɞɵ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɚɧɞɵԕ ɬԛɪɞɟ ԕɨɫɵɥɵɫɬɵԙ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɞΩɪɟɠɟɫɿɦɟɧ
(
h
Ƚ
) ɠԥɧɟ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɫɵɦɟɧ
(
Ʉ
Ƚ
) ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ: ɨɫɵ
ԧɥɲɟɦɞɟɪ ɧɟԑԝɪɥɵɦ ԛɥɤɟɧ ɛɨɥԑɚɧ ɫɚɣɵɧ, ɫɨԑԝɪɥɵɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɫɵ ɬɟɪɟԙ ɠԛɪɟɞɿ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿ (h
ɝ
)
–
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟɧɝɟɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪ
ɫɚɧɵɧɵΝ (n) ɟɪɿɝɟɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚɪɞɵΝ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɫɚɧɵɧɚ (N)
Ιɚɬɵɧɚɫɵɧ ɤΫɪɫɟɬɟɬɿɧ Ϋɥɲɟɦ:
)
ɪ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚ
ɠɚɥɩɵ
(
ɫ
)
ɪ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚ
ɧɝɟɧ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟ
(c h
ɧɟɦɟɫɟ
)
ɪ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚ
ɠɚɥɩɵ
(N
)
ɪ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɥɚ
ɧɝɟɧ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɞɟ
(n h
Ƚ
Ƚ
12
–
3/129-15