Упрощенная HTML-версия
119
ǻɇ°
ɯ.ɪ.
=
Ȉ
n (
ǻɇ°
ԧɧɿɦ
)
– Ȉ
n (
ǻɇ°
ɛɚɫɬ.ɡɚɬ.
)
ǻU°
ɯ.ɪ.
=
Ȉ
n (
ǻU°
ԧɧɿɦ
)
– Ȉ
n (
ǻU°
ɛɚɫɬ.ɡɚɬ.
);
ǻU°
ɯ.ɪ.
=
ǻɇ°
ɯ.ɪ.
– ǻ
nRT
ɯ.ɪ.
ǻS°
ɯ.ɪ.
=
Ȉn (S°
ԧɧɿɦ
)
– Ȉn (S°
ɛɚɫɬ.ɡɚɬ.
);
ǻS°
ɮɚɡ.ԧɡɝ.
=
ǻɇ
0
ɮɚɡ.ԧɡɝ.
/ Ɍ
ɮɚɡ.ԧɡɝ.
ǻG°
ɯ.ɪ.
=
Ȉ
n (
ǻG°
ԧɧɿɦ
)
– Ȉ
n (
ǻG°
ɛɚɫɬ.ɡɚɬ.
);
ǻG°
ɯ.ɪ.
=
ǻɇ°
ɯ.ɪ.
–
T
ǻS°
ɯ.ɪ.
ǻF°
ɯ.ɪ.
=
Ȉ
n (
ǻF°
ԧɧɿɦ
)
– Ȉ
n (
ǻF°
ɛɚɫɬ.ɡɚɬ.
);
ǻF°
ɯ.ɪ.
=
ǻU°
ɯ.ɪ.
–
T
ǻS°
ɯ.ɪ.
ȿɫɤɟɪɬɭɥɟɪ
:
x
Ƚɢɛɛɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧ (ǻG°) ɠԥɧɟ Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵɧ
(
ǻF°) ɤɟɡ ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɬԛɡɿɥɝɟɧ ɠɚɣ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ǻɇ° ɧɟɦɟɫɟ ǻU° ɫɢɹԕɬɵ
ɧԧɥɝɟ ɬɟԙ ɞɟɩ ԕɚɛɵɥɞɚɣɦɵɡ.
x
Ɂɚɬɬɵԙ S ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹɫɵɧɵԙ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɬԛɡɿɥɿɫɿɧɟɧ ǻɇ
ɬԛɡ.
ɠԥɧɟ Ƚɢɛɛɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɬԛɡɿɥɿɫɿɧɟɧ ǻ
G
ɬԛɡ.
ɚɣɵɪɦɚɲɵɥɵԑɵ
–
ɤɟɡ
ɤɟɥɝɟɧ ɡɚɬ ԛɲɿɧ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɬɿɤ ɲɚɦɚ ɛɨɥɵɩ ɬɚɛɵɥɚɬɵɧɞɵԑɵɧɞɚ;
ɫɨɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ S ɬɚԙɛɚɫɵɧɵԙ ɚɥɞɵɧɚ ǻ ɛɟɥɝɿɫɿ ԕɨɣɵɥɦɚɣɞɵ.
Ȼɚɪɥɵԕ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚԑɚ
ɬԥɭɟɥɞɿ, ɨɥ ɮɢɡɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɵɧɞɚ ԕɚɪɚɫɬɵɪɵɥɚɞɵ. Ȼɟɣɨɪ
-
ɝɚɧɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɯɢɦɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɵɧɵԙ ɛɚԑɞɚɪɥɚɦɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚ
-
ɦɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɥɚɪɞɵԙ ɟɫɟɩɬɟɪɿ ɬɟɤ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɬɵ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ԑɚɧɚ
ԕɨɥɞɚɧɵɥɚɞɵ.
ɋɨɧɵɦɟɧ,
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɵΝ ΫɬɭɿɧɿΝ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚɥɵΙ ɦΟɦɤɿɧɲɿɥɿɝɿɧ ɛɚΕɚɥɚɭΕɚ ɤΫɦɟɤɬɟɫɟɞɿ.
Ɉɫɵ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɠɵɥɞɚɦ ɠԛɪɭɿ
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚɧɵΝ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ
-
ɥɚɪɵɦɟɧ
,
ɚɥ ɨɧɵԙ ԧɬɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧɿԙ ԧɫɭɿ
–
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵΙ ɬɟɩɟ
-
ɬɟΝɞɿɤɬɿΝ
ɫԥɣɤɟɫ ɵԑɵɫɭɵɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ.
ȽɅɈɋɋȺɊɂɃ
Ƚɟɥɶɦɝɨɥɶɰ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɫɵ
(F)
– ɠԛɣɟ ɤԛɣɿɧɿԙ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚ
-
ɦɢɤɚɥɵԕ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɫɵ, ɢɡɨɯɨɪɚ
-
ɢɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɟɩ
ɚɬɚɥɚɞɵ, ɟɪɤɿɧ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ; ɹԑɧɢ ɠԝɦɵɫԕɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɚɬɵɧ
ɠԛɣɟɞɟɝɿ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ԕɨɪɵɧɵԙ ɛɿɪ ɛԧɥɿɝɿ; ɨɧɵԙ ԧɡɝɟɪɭɿ
V=const, T=const ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɠɚɛɵԕ ɠԛɣɟɥɟɪ ԛɲɿɧ ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɟɪɞɿԙ ɠԛɪɭ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɝɿɧ, ɛɚԑɵɬɵɧ ɠԥɧɟ ɬɟɪɟԙɞɿɝɿɧ (ԥɪɟ
-
ɤɟɬɬɟɫɭɲɿ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵԙ ԧɧɿɦɞɟɪɝɟ ԧɡɝɟɪɭ ɞԥɪɟɠɟɫɿɧ) ɛɚԑɚɥɚɣɞɵ.
Ƚɟɫɫ ɡɚԙɵ
– ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɧɵԙ ɠɵɥɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɿɫɿ ԛɞɟɪɿɫ
-
ɬɿԙ ɠԛɪɭ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɵɧɚ ɛɚɣɥɚɧɵɫɬɵ ɟɦɟɫ, ɨɥ ɬɟɤ ԕɚɧɚ ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ
ɛɚɫɬɚɩԕɵ ɠԥɧɟ ɫɨԙԑɵ ɤԛɣɿɦɟɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɥɚɞɵ.