Упрощенная HTML-версия
112
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ II ɡɚԙɵɧɵԙ ɬɚԑɵ ɞɚ ɤɟɥɟɫɿ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɦɚɫɵ
ɛɚɪ:
¾
ɠɵɥɭ ɧɟΕΡɪɥɵɦ ɫɭɵΙ ɞɟɧɟɞɟɧ ɧɟΕΡɪɥɵɦ ɵɫɬɵΙ ɞɟɧɟɝɟ
Ϋɡɞɿɝɿɧɟɧ ɚɭɵɫɚ ɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ
(Ʉɥɚɭɡɢɭɫ, 1850 ɠ.);
¾
ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɬɟɤɬɿ ɦΩΝɝɿɥɿɤ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɦɚɣɞɵ
(
ɛɚɪɥɵΙ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵ ɠΡɦɵɫΙɚ ɚɣɧɚɥɞɵɪɚɬɵɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɠɨΙ
,
Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞ
).
Ɉɥɚɣ ɛɨɥɫɚ, ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ ɟɤɿɧɲɿ ɡɚԙɵ ɠԛɣɟɞɟ ɛɟɪɿɥ
-
ɝɟɧ ɠɚԑɞɚɣɞɚ ɫɵɪɬԕɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵ, ɨɧɵԙ ԧɬɭ ɲɟɝɿ ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ɠԥɧɟ
ԕɚɧɲɚɥɵԕɬɵ ɠԝɦɵɫ ɚɬԕɚɪɵɥɭɵ ɤɟɪɟɤ ɟɤɟɧɞɿɝɿɧ ɯɚɛɚɪɥɚɦɚɣ
-
ɚԕ,
ԕɚɧɞɚɣ ԛɞɟɪɿɫ ԧɬɟɬɿɧɞɿɝɿɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɭԑɚ ɦԛɦɤɿɧɞɿɤ ɛɟɪɟɞɿ, ɬɟɪɦɨ
-
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ II ɡɚԙɵ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹɧɵԙ ɚɣɧɚɥɭ ɛɚԑɵɬɵɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɣɞɵ.
x
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ ԛɲɿɧɲɿ ɡɚԙɵ
– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɫɵ ɚɛɫɨ
-
ɥɸɬɬɿ ɧΫɥɝɟ ɠɭɵΙ, ɫΡɣɵɬɵɥΕɚɧ ɠΟɣɟɞɟ Ϋɬɟɬɿɧ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ
Οɲɿɧ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥ ɩɚɣɞɚɥɵ ɠΡɦɵɫ ɩɟɧ ɠɵɥɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɿɫɿɧɿΝ
ΙɢɫɵΙɬɚɪɵ ɛɿɪɿɝɟɞɿ ɠΩɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɧɵΝ ɠɚɥɩɵ ɠɚɧɚɦɚ,
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶ ɨɫɶɬɟɪɿɧɟ ɢɟ ɛɨɥɚɞɵ.
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ ɒ ɡɚԙɵ ɠԛɣɟɧɿԙ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɬɿ ɧԧɥɝɟ ɠɚԕɵɧ
ԕɚɥɩɵɧ ɫɢɩɚɬɬɚɣɞɵ (
ɇɟɪɧɫɬɿΝ ɠɵɥɭɥɵΙ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚɫɵ
, 1906 ɠ.).
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɧɵԙ ɒ ɡɚԙɵɧɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ:
– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤԧɬɟɪɿɥɝɟɧɞɟ
T
ǻS ɲɚɦɚɫɵɧɚ ɫԥɣɤɟɫ
'
G
'
ɇ
-
ɬɚɧ ɟɪɟɤɲɟɥɟɧɟɞɿ;
– Ɍ
o
0 ɠɚԑɞɚɣɵɧɞɚ, ɫԝɣɵɥɬɵɥԑɚɧ ɠԛɣɟɞɟ ԧɬɟɬɿɧ ɛɚɪɥɵԕ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɥɚɪ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɹɧɵԙ ԧɡɝɟɪɭɿɦɟɧ ɠԛɪɦɟɣɞɿ, ɞɟɦɟɤ, ɨɥɚɪ ԛɲɿɧ
ǻ
S = 0.
ɇɟɪɧɫɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɚɫɵɧɵԙ ɧɟɝɿɡɿɧɞɟ
ɉɥɚɧɤ
(1912 ɠ.) ɤɟɥɟɫɿ
ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬɬɵ
ԕɚɥɵɩɬɚɫɬɵɪɞɵ:
ɢɞɟɚɥ Ιɚɬɬɵ ɞɟɧɟ ɬΟɪɿɧɞɟ
ɠɟɤɟɥɟɧɝɟɧ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɞɵΙ ɡɚɬɬɚɪɞɵΝ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɬɿɤ ɧΫɥɞɟɝɿ ɷɧɬɪɨ
-
ɩɢɹɫɵ ɞɚ ɧΫɥɝɟ ɬɟΝ.
Ɍ
o
0
ɤɟɡɿɧɞɟ
ǻ
S
o
0
. Ⱥɥɚɣɞɚ, ɟɲɛɿɪ ɮɢɡɢɤɚɥɵԕ
-
ɯɢɦɢɹɥɵԕ
ԛɞɟɪɿɫɬɟɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɧɵ ɧԧɥɝɟ ɞɟɣɿɧ ɬԧɦɟɧɞɟɬɟ ɚɥɦɚɣɞɵ (ɧԧɥɝɟ
ɠɟɬɩɟɭ ԕɚԑɢɞɚɫɵ).
ǻ
S =
Q/Ɍ
ɛɨɥԑɚɧɞɵԕɬɚɧ,
Ɍ
= Q /
ǻ
S,
ǻ
S
o
0;
Ɍ
=
f
ɠɚԑɞɚɣɵɧɞɚ
Ɍ
z
0
. Ԕɚɡɿɪɝɿ ɤɟɡɞɟɝɿ ɟԙ ɬԧɦɟɧɝɿ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ɍ=10Ǧ
6
Ʉ.